Agarwal, Vaibhav ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5362-2936 (2026) XR-HPE2TS: XRP-Ledger Blockchain-Enabled Hybrid Proof of Energy-Based Energy Trading System. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering.

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Abstract

Energy serves as a crucial source for human survival, where an energy trading system aids in the better utilization of energy resources to obtain sufficient energy. However, the increase in energy demand and the disproportionate fossil fuel usage have resulted in an imbalance in the power utilities, along with economic downfalls. Even though enormous frameworks are designed, they are inefficient in withstanding certain hindrances, including reduced privacy and security preservation, reduced storage system capacity, and insufficient regulation of the energy demand overheads. Therefore, to mitigate such downsides, an effective XRP Ledger blockchain-enabled hybrid Proof of Energy-based smart contract (XR-HPE2TS) is proposed. The utilization of the XRP Ledger-enabled Proof of Energy (PoE) consensus mechanism in the proposed framework effectively mitigates the energy demand overhead problem by regulating energy transactions. Further, storing the transaction details in the blockchain using Hybrid PoE via the local database aids in the efficient utilization of memory and tamper resistance. Moreover, the hybrid smart contract mechanism enhanced the security and privacy of the entities involved in the energy trading system by generating the energy transaction agreement with price details. Further, the experimental validation performed showcased the superiority of the research by occupying only 420.38KB of memory with 5.89s of transaction time and only 0.28s verification time to facilitate energy trade within 24 h.

Item Type:	Article
Status:	Published
DOI:	10.1007/s40998-026-01213-0
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General)
School/Department:	London Campus
URI:	https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/15766

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