Olorundami, Tokunbo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-4574 and Akintoye, Oluyemi Ayorinde (2025) Factors Affecting Supply of Pipe-Borne Water to Households in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. Factors Affecting Supply of Pipe-Borne Water to Households in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria, 4 (1). pp. 71-90.

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Abstract

This study examined water consumption patterns and the factors influencing water supply in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. The research assesses the impact of demographic variables such as age, household size, occupation, and income levels on water usage. Data from respondents indicate that younger individuals (18-30 years) and larger households have higher water consumption, while civil/public servants constitute the largest occupational group. Water use is particularly high in households with businesses related to food processing or cleaning services. Boreholes are the primary water source for 89.11% of households, while pipe-borne water is largely unavailable due to infrastructural shortcomings. The study further reveals that income levels significantly affect water consumption, with higher-income households using more water. The tested hypothesis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), confirmed a significant difference in consumption across income groups (p < 0.05). Water storage practices are common, with 89.67% of respondents storing water in drums or jerry cans due to unreliable supply. Additionally, water affordability is a key issue, with 73.06% of households reporting that portable water is unaffordable, and weekly water expenses varying between ₦260 and ₦2000. The study identifies institutional and governmental failures as major barriers to consistent pipe-borne water supply. Recommendations include expanding water distribution kiosks, enhancing water infrastructure, and implementing strategies to address governance challenges. These measures are crucial to improving equitable water distribution and ensuring affordable access to safe water across all income groups in the study area.

Item Type:	Article
Status:	Published
DOI:	10.2139/ssrn.5259471
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography
School/Department:	School of Humanities
Institutes:	Institute for Social Justice
URI:	https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/13960

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