Shaping the future of cybersecurity: The convergence of AI, quantum computing, and ethical frameworks for a secure digital era

Khawar, Menahil; Khalid, Sohail; Rehman, Mujeeb Ur; Usman, Aminu; Malwi, Wajdan Al; Asiri, Fatima

Shaping the future of cybersecurity: The convergence of AI, quantum computing, and ethical frameworks for a secure digital era

Khawar, Menahil, Khalid, Sohail, Rehman, Mujeeb Ur ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4228-385X, Usman, Aminu ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4973-3585, Malwi, Wajdan Al and Asiri, Fatima (2026) Shaping the future of cybersecurity: The convergence of AI, quantum computing, and ethical frameworks for a secure digital era. Computer Science Review, 60. p. 100882.

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2025.100882

Abstract

The increasing sophistication and frequency of cyber threats have rendered conventional protection strategies inadequate. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming central to modern cybersecurity, strengthening capabilities in vulnerability assessment, malware detection, phishing prevention, intrusion detection, and deception technologies. Simultaneously, quantum computing introduces both challenges to classical cryptography and opportunities for new forms of quantum-enhanced defenses. This review integrates advances in AI, quantum methods, and ethical governance to provide an integrated perspective on the future of secure digital systems. It evaluates state-of-the-art AI models, including explainable frameworks and quantum-inspired approaches, such as Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks and Quantum Support Vector Machines, along with recent progress in post-quantum cryptography. Ethical concerns, particularly bias, transparency, privacy, and accountability, are examined as essential foundations for trustworthy cybersecurity design in system-on-chip and embedded AI environments. In addition to technical developments, this study considers regulatory frameworks, governance structures, and societal expectations, highlighting the need for responsible and adaptive approaches. A comparative SWOT analysis outlines the strengths, limitations, and areas for cross-domain integration. Finally, a roadmap of future research directions is presented, aligning AI-driven defenses, quantum resilience, and ethical safeguards into flexible and reliable cybersecurity architectures. By linking the technological, ethical, and policy dimensions, this review offers a consolidated foundation to guide the evolution of cybersecurity in a globally connected era.