Items where Division is "York Business School" and Year is 2023
Article
Aplin, Rachael ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-922X (2023) Independent Advisory Groups (IAG): managing the divide between communities and police in knowledge sharing and understanding. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 53 (3). pp. 216-220.
Atiku, Sulaiman Olusegun ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9364-3774, Kurana, Collen Mulife and Ganiyu, Idris (2023) Leadership and Service Delivery in Times of Change. Administrative Sciences, 13 (5). p. 125.
Bamford, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-1357, Reid, Iain, Forrester, Paul, Dehe, Benjamin, Bamford, Jim ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5146-4548 and Papalexi, Marina (2023) An empirical investigation into UK university–industry collaboration: the development of an impact framework. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 49 (4). pp. 1411-1443.
Boak, George ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4489-3096 (2023) Action learning aiding innovation. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 20 (2). pp. 97-98.
Boak, George ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4489-3096 (2023) Developing ideas and stories about action learning. Action Learning : Research and Practice, 20 (3). pp. 201-202.
Bridge, Gemma (2023) Perceptions of E-Micromobility Vehicles Amongst Staff and Students at Universities in the North of England. Active Travel Studies, 3 (1).
Bridge, Gemma and Theriault, Hannah (2023) Addressing oral health inequities in rural communities: a call to action. British Dental Journal, 235 (10). pp. 773-774.
Capela e Silva, Fernando, Bridge, Gemma, Lamy, Elsa and Castelo, Paula Midori (2023) Editorial: Nutrition and oral biology in health and disease. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10.
Chapman, Georgia, Cock, Steven ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-8358 and Swain, Spencer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-0041 (2023) A Matter of Distinction? A Case Study Examining the Development of a Sporting Habitus Amongst Male Sixth-Form Pupils in a Private School in the United Kingdom. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 7 (2). pp. 129-153.
Coombes, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-5652 (2023) Operationalizing Collaborative Business Models: A Practitioner Capabilities Lens. Journal of Business Models, 11 (2). pp. 25-31.
Coombes, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-5652 (2023) Systematic Review Research in Marketing Scholarship: Optimizing Rigor. International Journal of Market Research, 66 (6). pp. 687-693.
Coombes, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-5652 (2023) A review of business model research: what next for industrial marketing scholarship? Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 38 (3). pp. 520-532.
Dales, Alexandra ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-4349 and Ferreira, Jenny (2023) New horizons in retail geography: special issue editorial. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. pp. 1-4.
Denham, Jack ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-8292, Spokes, Matthew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-3879, Coward-Gibbs, Matt ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-7630 and Veal, Caitlin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5394-2881 (2023) Personal, Pedagogic Play: A Dialogic Model for Video Game Learning. Pedagogy, Culture and Society.
Finnestrand, Hanne, Vie, Ola Edvin and Boak, George ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4489-3096 (2023) Critical incident technique and action learning to enable organizational learning. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 20 (3).
Gheyoh Ndzi, Ernestine (2023) An Analysis of Shared Parental Leave Policies in UK Universities. International Journal of Law and Society, 6 (1). pp. 46-53.
Gheyoh Ndzi, Ernestine (2023) Shared Parental Leave: A Key Barrier to Breastfeeding in the UK. International Journal of Law and Society, 6 (1). pp. 62-69.
Gheyoh Ndzi, Ernestine and Holmes, Amy (2023) Paternal Leave Entitlement and Workplace Culture: A Key Challenge to Paternal Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 (8). p. 5454.
Gittins, Peter and McElwee, Gerard ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-4443 (2023) Constrained rural entrepreneurship: Upland farmer responses to the socio-political challenges in England's beef and sheep sector. Rural Studies, 104 (103141).
Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308 and Boocock, Emma (2023) Embodying Indigeneity in the Mountains: Creating Inclusive Adventure Spaces for Welsh Women, UK. Tourism Cases.
Helal, Rima Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9270-5136, Ali, Sa'ad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4290-7757, Strecker, Sophie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-7385 and Weir, David T.H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6750-6722 (2023) Navigating wasta in business practices in Lebanon. Thunderbird International Business Review, 65 (6). pp. 639-648.
Hill, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-1170 (2023) Photosynethics: a groundwork for being with the light. Journal for Cultural Research, 28 (1). pp. 1-13.
Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X, Cock, Steven ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-8358, Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608 and Healy, Stuart (2023) From there to here: Reflections on alternative journeys to a career in Academia. International Journal of HRD: Practice, Policy and Research, 7 (2). pp. 19-37.
Lampkin, Jack ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-8758 and Wyatt, Tanya (2023) An astro-green criminological examination of orbital space debris. Criminology & Criminal Justice.
Lampkin, Jack Adam ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-8758 and McClanahan, Bill (2023) Astronomical Withdrawals: A Green Criminological Examination of Extreme Energy Mining on Extraterrestrial Objects. Crime, Law and Social Change, 81 (4). pp. 365-384.
Lee, Man Yee Karen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-0845, Wong, Mathew Y. H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-329X, Chan, Anita Kit Wa ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8948, Chong, Eric King‐man ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-7468 and Cheung, Lewis ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-0473 (2023) Do people feel they belong? Socio‐political factors shaping the place attachment of Hong Kong citizens. Geographical Research, 62 (1). pp. 181-193.
Pisoni, Galena ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3266-1773, Molnár, Bálint and Tarcsi, Ádám (2023) Knowledge Management and Data Analysis Techniques for Data-Driven Financial Companies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15 (3). pp. 13374-13393.
Ratcliffe, Thomas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1117-2849 (2023) The fight against climate change and biodiversity loss: land ownership, management and community voices. Voice of the Moors (151). pp. 16-17.
Scrase, Fiona and Boak, George ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4489-3096 (2023) Developing skills of action learning facilitators. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 21 (1). pp. 86-93.
Smith, Robert, Manning, Louise and McElwee, Gerard ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-4443 (2023) ‘Using Script and textual analysis and close readings of media reports to analyse ‘So-called Food-Fraud Scandals’’. Sage Research Methods Business Cases.
Theriault, Hannah and Bridge, Gemma (2023) Oral health equity for rural communities: where are we now and where can we go from here? British Dental Journal, 235 (2). pp. 99-102.
Tribe, John and Paddison, Brendan (2023) Critical tourism strategy. Annals of Tourism Research, 98. p. 103511.
Tribe, John and Paddison, Brendan (2023) Lost Tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 48. pp. 1-11.
Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608 and Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X (2023) Volunteering during Covid-19: Leadership Matters – The Case of Scrubs. Voluntary Sector Review, 14 (3). pp. 498-518.
Wheatley, Daniel ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-2867, Broome, Matthew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-8884, Dobbins, Tony ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4159-5218, Hopkins, Benjamin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7319-5249 and Powell, Owen H. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-9912 (2023) Navigating Choppy Water: Flexibility Ripple Effects in the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of Remote and Hybrid Working. Work, Employment and Society, 38 (5). pp. 1379-1402.
Xu, Han, Cheung, Lewis T.O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-0473, Lovett, Jon, Duan, Xiaiei, Pei, Qing and Liang, Dan (2023) Understanding the influence of user-generated content on tourist loyalty behavior in a cultural World Heritage Site. Tourism Recreation Research, 48 (2). pp. 173-187.
Yasami, Mehri ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-2542, Zhu, Hongrui ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-3888 and Dewan, Mayukh (2023) Poverty, Psychological Distress, and Suicidality Among Gay Men and Transgender Women Sex Workers During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Phuket, Thailand. Sexuality Research and Social Policy.
Zhang, Ke, Lam, Theresa W.L., Ma, Anson T.H., Fok, Lincoln and Cheung, Lewis T.O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-0473 (2023) Recreational specialization and the marine-based conservation behaviour intention of recreational divers in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 899 (165664).
Zhang, Ke, Ma, Anson T.H., Lam, Theresa W.L., Fang, Wei and Cheung, Lewis T.O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-0473 (2023) The Influence of Sociodemographic Characteristics and the Experience of Recreational Divers on the Preference for Diving Sites. Sustainability, 15 (1).
Book Section
Binfield-Smith, Rosie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9624-1578 (2023) Dissected, torn, and exposed: The Death and Remains of the Jack the Ripper victims in the Illustrated Police News. In: Coleclough, Sharon, Michael-Fox, Bethan and Visser, Renske, (eds.) Difficult Death, Dying and the Dead in Media and Culture. London, Palgrave Macmillan
Cock, Steven ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-8358 (2023) Examining the Long-term ‘Indoorisation’ of Swimming and Bathing in the United Kingdom: A Sociological Analysis of Changing Leisure Spaces. In: LSA 2023: Book of Abstracts. Bournemouth, Bournemouth University, p. 38
Denham, Jack ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-8292 (2023) The Staycation: Home. In: Lynes, Adam, Kelly, Craig and Treadwell, James, (eds.) 50 Dark Destinations: Crime and Contemporary Tourism. Bristol, Policy Press
Denham, Jack ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-8292 and Spokes, Matthew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-3879 (2023) Il diritto alla città virtuale: la regressione rurale nei videogiochi open world. In: Bittanti, Matteo, (ed.) Reset. Politica e videogiochi. Eterotopie (837). Mimesis, pp. 259-291
Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308 (2023) Julie Tullis: Gender and the emotional labour of climbing the ‘Mountain of Mountains’. In: Hall, Martin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-8175 and Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, (eds.) Mountains & The Politics of Representation. 1 ed. Liverpool Studies in the Politics of Popular Culture . United Kingdom, Liverpool University Press
Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, Boocock, Emma and Avner, Zoe (2023) Contextualizing gender and transformational spaces in mountaineering adventure sports and leisure. In: Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, Boocock, Emma and Avner, Zoe, (eds.) Gender Politics & Change in Mountaineering: Moving Mountains. 1 ed. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-11
Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308 and Hall, Martin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-8175 (2023) Politics of Representation in Mountaineering: Conclusion. In: Hall, Martin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-8175 and Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, (eds.) Mountains & The Politics of Representation. 1 ed. Liverpool Studies in the Politics of Popular Culture . United Kingdom, Liverpool University Press, pp. 290-300
Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308 and Miller, Maggie (2023) Troubling the silences of adventure legacies: Junko Tabei and the intersectional politics of mountaineering. In: Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, Boocock, Emma and Avner, Zoe, (eds.) Gender Politics & Change in Mountaineering: Moving Mountains. 1 ed. United Kingdom, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 31-50
Hall, Martin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-8175 and Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308 (2023) Mountains & The Politics of Representation: Introduction. In: Hall, Martin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-8175 and Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, (eds.) Mountains & The Politics of Representation. 1 ed. Liverpool University Press, 01-16
Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X (2023) Academic citizenship through the lens of the Psychological Contract. University Forum for Human Resource Development Annual Conference. In: Book of Abstracts - The 23rd International Conference on Human Resource Development.Research and Practice across Europe, "Workplace change - disruption, continuity and reinvention. The role of HRD in a changing Global Context. UFHRD, pp. 27-28
Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X, Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608 and Healy, Stuart (2023) Understanding the motivation of Peripheral Teaching Staff and their commitment to the organisation. In: Book of Abstracts - The 23rd International Conference on Human Resource Development.Research and Practice across Europe, "Workplace change - disruption, continuity and reinvention. The role of HRD in a changing Global Context. UFHRD
Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X, Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608 and Walker-Smith, Lynsey ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5440-6705 (2023) The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Academics’ attachment with their Institution: Employee engagement and Academic Identity. In: Book of Abstracts - The 23rd International Conference on Human Resource Development.Research and Practice across Europe, "Workplace change - disruption, continuity and reinvention. The role of HRD in a changing Global Context. UFHRD
Lampkin, Jack ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-8758 and White, Rob (2023) Space crime. In: Space criminology : analysing human relationships with outer space. Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology . Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-24
Mathew, Ruby Christine ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-3577 (2023) The impact of Athena Swan on the gendered subcultural spaces in the UK academia: A case study on Athena Swan gold awarded department. In: 23rd International Conference on Human Resource Development Research and Practice across Europe, “Workplace change – disruption, continuity and reinvention. The role of HRD in a changing Global Context. UFHRD, pp. 328-329
Padfield, Rory W., Dales, Alexandra ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-4349, Mishra, Jyoti and Smith, Thomas (2023) Digital disruption: Towards a research agenda for sustainability and business in a digital world. In: Padfield, Rory W. and Russel, Sally V., (eds.) A Research Agenda for Sustainability and Business. Elgar, pp. 185-204
Spokes, Matthew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-3879 (2023) ‘Death. Carnage. Chaos’: mortality and mountaineering on-screen, and on the roof of the world. In: Coleclough, Sharon, Michael-Fox, Bethan and Visser, Renske, (eds.) Difficult Death, Dying and the Dead in Media and Culture. London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 69-83
Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608, Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X and Gabriel, Carol Lynne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8144-090X (2023) Building Resilient Leadership: A Study Exploring Leadership Development During Uncertainty. In: Book of Abstracts - The 23rd International Conference on Human Resource Development.Research and Practice across Europe, "Workplace change - disruption, continuity and reinvention. The role of HRD in a changing Global Context. UFHRD
Weir, David T.H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6750-6722 (2023) Humans as Horses: A Revisionist Approach to the Conventional Foundational Story about “Management”. In: Mills, Albert J. and Deal, Nicholous, (eds.) A World Scientific Encyclopedia of Business Storytelling. Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Co, pp. 75-95
Monograph
Dales, Alexandra ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-4349, Padfield, Rory and Bridge, Gemma (2023) The Critical Sustainability Stories (CriSS) Tool : Guidance for User. Project Report. York St John University, York.
Dales, Alexandra ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-4349, Padfield, Rory and Bridge, Gemma (2023) Sustainability stories : investigating the UK creative industry and the communication of sustainability. Project Report. XR Stories.
Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, Moisieiev, Dmytro ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-7435 and Paddison, Brendan (2023) North York Moors National Park: Resident Survey Results. Project Report. York St John University.
Conference or Workshop Item
Cock, Steven ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-8358 (2023) Examining the Long-term ‘Indoorisation’ of Swimming and Bathing in the United Kingdom: A Sociological Analysis of Changing Leisure Spaces. In: Leisure Studies Association Annual Conference, 11-13 July 2023, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom. (Unpublished)
Cock, Steven ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-8358 (2023) "How Many Words...?!" Discussing Issues of Anxiety and Wellbeing for Staff and Students on Undergraduate Dissertation and Capstone Modules. In: Talk About Teaching Conference, 2 February 2023, York St John University, UK. (Unpublished)
Coombes, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-5652 (2023) A Critique of Thirty Years of Systematic Review Research in Business-to-Business Marketing: The Pursuit of Rigor. In: 39th Annual IMP Conference, 23-25 August 2023, Manchester, UK.
Hattersley, David, Beresford, Paul and Coombes, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-5652 (2023) Parkrun and Value Co-creation: An Application of Service Dominant Logic to the Study of Parkrun as a Value Co-creation Ecosystem. In: Academy of Marketing 2023 Annual Conference and Doctoral Colloquium: From Revolution to Revolutions, 3-6 July 2023, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X (2023) Academic citizenship through the lens of the Psychological Contract. In: UfHRD Annual Conference, 7-9 June 2023, Dublin. (Unpublished)
Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X, Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608, Healy, Stuart and Undugodage, Kusala (2023) Understanding the motivation of peripheral teaching staff and their commitment to the organisation. In: UfHRD Annual Conference, 7-9 June 2023, Dublin. (Unpublished)
Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X, Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608 and Walker-Smith, Lynsey ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5440-6705 (2023) The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Academics’ attachment with their institution: Employee Engagement and Academic Identity. In: UfHRD Annual Conference, 7-9 June 2023, Dublin. (Unpublished)
Mathew, Ruby Christine ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-3577 (2023) The impact of Athena Swan on the gendered subcultural spaces in the UK academia: A case study on Athena Swan gold awarded department. In: 23rd University Forum for Human Resource Development, 8th June 2023, National Collage of Ireland, Ireland.
Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608 and Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X (2023) Building Resilient Leadership: A study exploring self-identified Leadership Development. In: UfHRD Annual Conference, 7-9 June 2023, Dublin. (Unpublished)
Walsh, Susan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0608 and Johnston, Alan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-466X (2023) Building resilience during Uncertainty: Leadership from within. In: Workplace Behaviour Research Centre Mini-Conference on Thriving in Challenging Times, 28-29 September 2023, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds. (Unpublished)
Book
Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308, Boocock, Emma and Avner, Zoe, eds. (2023) Gender, Politics and Change in Mountaineering : Moving Mountains. Global Culture and Sport Series . United Kingdom, Palgrave Macmillan
Atkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-1652 (2023) Reimagining Capitalism: Applying Negative Dialectics for a Better Future. Vernon Press
Lampkin, Jack Adam ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-8758 and White, Rob (2023) Space Criminology: Analysing Human Relationships with Outer Space. 1st ed. Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology . London, Palgrave
Mitman, Tyson ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-8485 and Shumar, Wesley (2023) Producing and Consuming the Craft Beer Movement. Taylor and Francis
Thesis
Maddock-James, Joel John (2023) Amazon Country: Platform Logistics and Landscapes of Fulfilment. Doctoral thesis, York St John University.
Video
Burns, Andy, Relton, Graham, Hall, Martin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-8175 and Hall, Jenny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4308 (2023) Nature Matters. [Video]
Audio
Ratcliffe, Thomas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1117-2849, Graham, H. and Bixby, P. (2023) ‘Creating Community at York Central’. [Audio]
Other
Mathew, Ruby Christine ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-3577 (2023) The Athena Swan (AS) accreditation in improving inclusive and supportive culture in the UK Higher Education Institutions (HEI). PIES. York St John University.
Mitman, Tyson ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-8485 (2023) Desmascarando Banksy - o artista de rua não seria um homem, mas um coletivo de pessoas. The Converstion.
Mitman, Tyson ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-8485 (2023) Unmasking Banksy – the street artist is not one man but a whole brand of people. The Converstion.